Optimizing a Drone Network to Respond to Opioid Overdoses.
The western journal of emergency medicine · 2023-09-01 · Method & validation
Abstract
Introduction:Effective out-of-hospital administration of naloxone in opioid overdoses is dependent on timely arrival of naloxone. Delays in emergency medical services (EMS) response time could potentially be overcome with drones to deliver naloxone efficiently to the scene for bystander use. Our objective was to evaluate a mathematical optimization simulation for geographical placement of drone bases in reducing response time to opioid overdose. Methods: Using retrospective data from a single EMS system from January 2016-February 2019, we created a geospatial drone-network model based on current technological specifications and potential base locations. Genetic optimization was then used to maximize county coverage by drones and the number of overdoses covered per drone base. From this model, we identified base locations that minimize response time and the number of drone bases required. Results: In a drone network model with 2,327 opioid overdoses, as the number of modeled drone bases increased the calculated response time decreased. In a geospatially optimized drone network with four drone bases, response time compared to ambulance arrival was reduced by 4 minutes 38 seconds and covered 64.2% of the county. Conclusion: In our analysis we found that in a mathematical model for geospatial optimization, implementing four drone bases could reduce response time of 9-1-1 calls for opioid overdoses. Therefore, drones could theoretically improve time to naloxone delivery.
Abstract © the authors or publisher, via PubMed. Reuse and removal
Tags
Antidotes · Drones · Naloxone · Time intervals
Related articles
- Current summary of the evidence in drone-based emergency medical services care. (Resusc Plus, 2023)
- An evaluation of naloxone transit for opioid overdose using drones: A case study using real-world coroner data. (Addiction, 2024)
- Impact of Bystander Naloxone on Emergency Medical Transport Refusal After Opioid Overdose: A Statewide Retrospective Analysis. (West J Emerg Med, 2026)
- Recruiting a National Sample of First Response Agencies to Participate in an Overdose Prevention Research Project: Randomized Controlled Trial and Feasibility Study. (JMIR Form Res, 2026)
- Time-space characteristics of emergency medical service attendance and layperson naloxone administration during non-fatal opioid overdoses in Rhode Island: A retrospective, event-level analysis. (Ann Epidemiol, 2025)
- Urban drone stations siting optimization based on hybrid algorithm of MILP and machine learning. (Heliyon, 2024)