The COVID-19 ambulance response assessment (CARA) study: a national survey of ambulance service healthcare professionals' preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
British paramedic journal · 2024-03-01 · Observational study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic placed significant demand on the NHS, including ambulance services, but it is unclear how this affected ambulance service staff and paramedics in other clinical settings (e.g. urgent and primary care, armed services, prisons). This study aimed to measure the self-perceived preparedness and impact of the first wave of the pandemic on paramedics' psychological stress and perceived ability to deliver care. METHODS: Ambulance clinicians and paramedics working in other healthcare settings were invited to participate in a three-phase sequential online survey during the acceleration (April 2020), peak (May 2020) and deceleration (September/October 2020) phases of the first wave of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Recruitment used social media, Trust internal bulletins and the College of Paramedics' communication channels, employing a convenience sampling strategy. Data were collected using purposively developed open- and closed-ended questions and the validated general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Data were analysed using multi-level linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Phase 1 recruited 3717 participants, reducing to 2709 (73%) by phase 2 and 2159 (58%) by phase 3. Participants were mostly male (58%, n = 2148) and registered paramedics (n = 1992, 54%). Mean (standard deviation) GHQ-12 scores were 16.5 (5.2) during phase 1, reducing to 15.2 (6.7) by phase 3. A total of 84% of participants (n = 3112) had a GHQ-12 score ≥ 12 during the first phase, indicating psychological distress. Participants that had higher GHQ-12 scores were feeling unprepared for the pandemic, and reported a lack of confidence in using personal protective equipment and managing cardiac arrests in confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most participants reported psychological distress, the reasons for which are multi-factorial. Ambulance managers need to be aware of the risks to staff mental health and take action to mitigate these, to support staff in the delivery of unscheduled, emergency and urgent care under these additional pressures.
Abstract © the authors or publisher, via PubMed. Reuse and removal
Tags
Clinician perspective · COVID-19 pandemic · Paramedics & EMTs
Related articles
- Exploring sociodemographic factors and coping strategies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among paramedics working in a Middle Eastern country. (Qatar Med J, 2026)
- Paramedics’ experiences of treating Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (UK): A qualitative reflexive thematic analysis (Paramedicine, 2025)
- 'Worth … the Nightmares'? A Qualitative Study of Early-Career Healthcare Workers' Wellbeing and Career Decisions After Starting Work During Covid-19. (Clin Teach, 2025)
- Emergency Medical Services Clinicians and COVID-19 Booster Behavior-A Cross-Sectional National Evaluation. (Vaccines (Basel), 2025)
- Stress and PTSD levels among Hamad Medical Corporation Paramedics before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. (Qatar Med J, 2025)
- The effect of a coping training program on the burnout levels of ambulance staff during the COVID-19 pandemic: A clinical trial. (Work, 2025)