Discrepancies in anaphylaxis protocols across emergency medical services in the United States: Opportunities for improvement.
Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology · 2025-03-29 · Observational study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Across the United States, there are significant inconsistencies in the protocols used by emergency medical services (EMS) in the prehospital treatment of anaphylaxis. These discrepancies include variations in the definition of anaphylaxis and treatment recommendations. OBJECTIVE: To identify gaps in the recognition of anaphylaxis and to provide areas for improvement in prehospital management through an analysis of state-wide anaphylaxis protocols. METHODS: States with mandatory or model state-wide protocols were included (total of 30). Each allergic reaction and/or anaphylaxis protocol was reviewed-emphasis was placed on the definitions used to identify reactions and treatment algorithms. RESULTS: Of the 30 states, only 50% (15) included gastrointestinal symptoms in the definition of anaphylaxis and only 40% (12) included neurologic manifestations. In addition, 47% (14) used a 2-organ system definition. For anaphylactic reactions, 100% (30) of the protocols recommended diphenhydramine and epinephrine. However, 90% (27) recommended albuterol, if respiratory symptoms were present, and 60% (18) recommended steroids. Epinephrine was the first-line recommendation for anaphylaxis in 97% (29) of the protocols. Overall, 25 states (83%) allowed epinephrine autoinjectors and 17 (57%) provided autoinjectors. CONCLUSION: Many EMS anaphylaxis protocols are incomplete and/or outdated. Many protocols do not consider gastrointestinal or neurologic manifestations. In addition, many contain outdated recommendations, including the use of steroids and first-generation antihistamines. Despite the convenience of epinephrine autoinjectors, many protocols do not permit or provide them. Given the frequency of EMS activation for allergic reactions, our communities would benefit from standardized protocols using current evidence-based guidelines for the management of anaphylaxis.
Tags
Adrenaline · Antihistamines · Cardiovascular drugs · Other drugs · Respiratory drugs · Salbutamol