The rise of consensus methods in paramedicine research: A bibliographic analysis.
Australasian emergency care · 2025-07-04 · Other / unclear
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Consensus-based studies are increasingly common in paramedicine research. Whilst there are four main consensus methodologies, recent analyses in other disciplines describe great diversity in method characterised by frequent modifications. AIM: To describe the application and characteristics of consensus research methodologies in paramedicine. METHODS: A bibliographic analysis was conducted of published research reporting use of a consensus methodology, drawing data from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL. Two researchers performed abstract screening, full text review, and data extraction. A descriptive analysis was conducted. RESULTS: There were 161 paramedicine consensus studies published between 1997 and 2024. Delphi technique was most frequent (83 %), followed by NGT (12 %). The US accounted for the most studies with 44 (26 %), followed by UK with 33 (20 %), Canada 15 (9 %), Norway 12 (7 %) and Australia 12 (7 %). Modifications were reported by authors in 54 % of studies. Of 141 Delphi studies, 31 % demonstrated the use of published reporting or methodological guidance. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of consensus research has increased considerably, dominated by Delphi methodology. Significant methodological heterogeneity was observed, and engagement with methodological and reporting guidelines appeared uncommon. There may be a need for stronger methodological guidance within the paramedicine research space to ensure quality in consensus research.