Psychosocial profiles of bystander resuscitation among Macao residents: a latent profile analysis.
Frontiers in public health · 2026-01-01 · Observational study
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) and public access defibrillation (PAD) are critical to improving survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, the rates of BCPR and PAD remain suboptimal in many Asian regions. Although psychosocial determinants of bystander resuscitation have been widely examined using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), most studies adopt variable‑centered approaches that might underestimate individual‑level heterogeneity. This study aimed to identify psychosocial profiles related to bystander resuscitation among Macao residents using a person‑centered analytic approach and to examine socio‑demographic factors associated with profile membership. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey based on TPB constructs recruited 579 community-dwelling adults through convenience and snowball sampling. Latent profile analysis was performed to identify specific psychosocial profiles. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between socio-demographic factors and profile membership. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis revealed four distinct psychosocial profiles: reluctant, socially inhibited, technically constrained, and proactive. Willingness to provide bystander resuscitation varied significantly across profiles, with the highest in the proactive group and lowest in the reluctant group. Socially inhibited individuals showed high perceived behavioral control (PBC) despite low subjective norms, whereas technically constrained individuals demonstrated low PBC despite favorable attitudes and subjective norms. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that lack of prior resuscitation training and older age were associated with lower odds of belonging to the proactive group. CONCLUSION: Findings underscore the central role of PBC and highlight the value of profile‑ and age‑specific training strategies to enhance community bystander resuscitation willingness.